Index
|
Search
|
Home
|
Table of Contents
Lamberts, M. and J.H. Crane. 1990. Tropical fruits. p. 337-355. In: J.
Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland,
OR.
Tropical Fruits*
Mary Lamberts and Jonathan H. Crane
- INTRODUCTION
- TRADITIONAL TROPICAL FRUITS IN SOUTH FLORIDA
- Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)
- Lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.)
- Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
- SPECIALTY TROPICAL FRUITS IN SOUTH FLORIDA
- Annonas
- Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.)
- Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
- Mamey Sapote [Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr.]
- Papaya (Carica papaya L.)
- Passion Fruit (Passiflora spp.)
- IMPORTS OF TROPICAL FRUITS
- THE FUTURE FOR TROPICAL FRUITS IN SOUTH FLORIDA
- REFERENCES
- Table 1
- Table 2
- Table 3
- Table 4
Southern Florida has long been the site of tropical and subtropical fruit
production and research, with avocados, 'Tahiti' limes, and mangos being the
principal crops for many years. During the past five years (1983-88), there
has been a major increase in the area planted to specialty tropical fruits in
southern Florida. Longan and lychee plantings have doubled to 26 and 81 ha
respectively, the area in carambola groves has increased by greater than 5-fold
(currently 166 ha) and passion fruit has grown from a few experimental
plantings to 14-16 ha. At the same time, plantings of Annona spp.
(currently 42 ha) and papaya (currently 142 ha) have increased while mamey
sapote (121 ha) has remained relatively constant. Some of this increase has
been at the expense of avocados, some is on land previously used for winter
vegetables, and the rest is on new fields.
Production increases have been accompanied by well developed marketing
programs, particularly by the major tropical fruit packing houses, and by very
favorable coverage by the news media. While these changes seem dramatic to
those who have recently begun to watch this industry, it is well to view
tropical fruit production in southern Florida from a historical perspective.
Present plantings of mangos, which are slightly lower than they have been in
the past, are concentrated primarily in Dade County rather than in both Dade
and Palm Beach Counties. Statewide lychee hectarage in the 1950s was between
121 and 162 ha, with groves in more northerly locations including Lee,
Sarasota, Manatee, Polk Highlands, and Martin Counties. A series of freezes
over the years has caused a shift in the location of plantings to southern Dade
County. The third crop which has had a major change in hectarage over the
years is the papaya. During the 1950s and 1960s there were 810-1215 ha of
papaya, but papaya ringspot virus wiped out these plantings, forcing papaya to
be produced as an annual crop.
The three tropical fruits which have been of major importance in South Florida
are avocado (Lauraceae), 'Tahiti' lime (Rutaceae) and mango (Anacardiaceae).
Avocados are grown on 4,656 ha and have an estimated annual value of $10.2
million. `Tahiti' (Persian) limes have an estimated annual value of $19.6
million and are produced on 2,915 ha. Mangos are grown on 1,012 ha and have an
estimated annual value of $4.4 million.
Dade County's avocado trees are all grafted. There are approximately 63
commercial cultivars at this time. Florida-grown cultivars are West Indian or
West Indian x Guatemalan hybrids. Of these, 'Booth-8', 'Choquette', 'Hall',
'Lula', 'Monroe', 'Pollock', and 'Simmonds' are the most important in commerce.
Avocados are marketed under a Federal Marketing Order which sets maturity
standards based on fruit diameter, fruit weight and picking date; these are
established annually for each cultivar. The fruit are a good source of oil and
minerals, having twice the potassium content of bananas (Table 1).
The primary insect pests are: avocado red mite [Oligonychus yothersi
(McG)], thrips [red-banded thrips, (Hiliothrips rubrocinctus Giard.),
and greenhouse thrips (H. haemorrhoidalis Bouche)], scales [Florida wax
scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.), Florida red scale
(Chrysomphalus aonidium L.), latania scale (Aspidiotus lataniae
Sig.), pyriform scale (Protopulvinaria pyriformis Ckll.)]. Avocados are
also affected by several diseases including: anthracnose (Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides Penz), which affects the fruit; avocado scab (Sphaceloma
perseae Jenk.) on the fruit; Cercospora spot (Cercospora purpurea
Cke.) on the leaves and fruit, root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands);
and powdery mildew (Oidium sp).
Research on avocados in Florida is being conducted at the University of
Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) in Homestead and at the
USDA Subtropical Horticultural Research Unit (USDA Station) in South Miami.
Current research at the TREC is in the following areas: flooding and
Phytophthora studies; hedging and topping for tree size control; and
pollination studies, including cultivar compatibilities, pollination
mechanisms, and major pollinators. Research at the USDA station is on breeding
for cold hardiness and cultivar selection.
Limes in Dade County are either air layered or grafted on Citrus
macrophylla Wester rootstock. The origin of the 'Tahiti' lime is unknown.
It is considered to be a hybrid between Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle
and some other Citrus species. Like avocados, limes are marketed under
a Federal Marketing Order. This specifies a minimum diameter of 4.76 cm and a
minimum juice content of 42%. Limes are a good source of Vitamins A and C
(Table 1).
There are several diseases and insects which cause damage to limes. Insect
pests include: broad mite, [Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks], citrus
red mite [Panonychus citri (McG.)], rust mite [Phyllocoptruta
oleivora (Ashmead)] and snow scale [Unaspis citri (Comst.)]. The
major diseases are: greasy spot (Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside), algal
disease (Cephaleuros virescens Kunze), and foot rot (Phytophthora
parasitica Dast.).
Current research efforts at the TREC include: post-bloom fruit drop-anthracnose
studies; control of flowering and fruiting, including the use of plant growth
regulators; and stylar-end breakdown.
All mangos in Dade County are on grafted trees. Seedling rootstocks are
commonly used. The major commercial cultivars are: 'Tommy Atkins', 'Keitt',
'Van Dyke', 'Kent', and 'Palmer'. There are many minor cultivars. Some of the
more popular ones include: 'Edward', 'Glenn', 'Haden', and 'Irwin'. While
mangos originated in Southeast Asia, Florida's monoembyronic cultivars are
primarily from the Indian Subcontinent. Fruit are good sources of Vitamins A
and C (Table 1).
Major insect pests are: mites [avocado red mite (Oligonychus yothersii
(McG.)), tumid mite (Tetranychus tumidus (Banks)), and broad mite
(Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks))]; scales [lesser snow scale
(Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)); soft scales: pyriform scale
(Protopulvinaria)p pyriformis is Ckll.), mango shield scale
(P. mangiferae (Green)), acuminate scale (Kilifia acuminata
(Sign.)), Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.); armored
scales: Florida red scale (Chrysomphalus ficus (L.)), and dictyospermum
scale (C. dictyospermi (Morg.))]; and thrips [red-banded thrips
(Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard.)), and Florida flower thrips
(Frankliniella cephalica (D.L. Crawford))]. Mango trees are also
affected by mango decline, a problem associated with micronutrient deficiency.
Diseases include: anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.),
which affects fruits, inflorescences and foliage; powdery mildew (Oidium
sp.) on inflorescences; and mango scab (Elsinoe, mangiferae, Bitanc
& Jenk.). Internal breakdown of the fruit is an important problem, the
cause of which has not yet been determined.
Mango research in Florida is centered at the TREC and the USDA station.
Current research at the TREC on: tree size control through hedging and topping;
genetics, including tissue culture; mango decline studies, fruit fly
investigations; flooding tolerance; and studies on internal breakdown.
Research at the USDA station is on: breeding for disease resistance, primarily
anthracnose; cultivar selection; and on quarantine treatments for control of
fruit fly larvae.
The specialty tropical fruits which are increasing in importance in South
Florida belong to several families: Annonaceaesugar apple and atemoya;
Oxalidaceaecarambola; Sapindaceaelongan and lychee, Sapotaceaemamey
sapote; Passifloraceaepassion fruit; and Caricaceaepapaya. Fruits in each
family will be discussed separately.
The two members of the Annonaceae which are grown commercially in South Florida
are the sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) and the atemoya (Annona
cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa). Sugar apples, known locally as
anon, are primarily seedling trees, though some are grafted. Atemoyas on the
other hand are all grafted onto atemoya, sugar apple or A. reticulate L.
(custard apple) rootstock. The major atemoya cultivar is 'Gefner'. Sugar
apples originated in Tropical America while atemoyas are from Florida.
Florida-grown cultivars, however, originated in Israel. Each crop had an
annual estimated value of $200,000 in 1987-88. Sugar apples and atemoyas are
good sources of potassium and contain moderate levels of Vitamin C (Table 1).
The major insect pests on both crops are annona seed borers [Bephratelloides
cubensis (Ashmead)], philephedra scale [Philephedra tuberculosa
(Nakahara and Gill)] and mealy bugs [Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhon) and
P. calceolariae (Mask.)]. Anthracnose (Colletotricum
gloeosporioides Penz.) is the major pathogen on both crops.
Research in Florida on the Annona family is centered at the TREC and the Dade
County Cooperative Extension Service. Current projects at the TREC include:
determination of pollinators, including Nitidulidae beetles (sap beetles); the
life history, ecology and control of the annona seed borer; and grafting
techniques for atemoya. IR-4 registrations of pesticides for both crops is
being coordinated by the Dade County, Cooperative Extension Service.
Registration is being sought for benomyl to control anthracnose, malathion for
annona seed borer, and methidathion to control philaphedra scale and mealy bugs.
Carambola production in Dade County is on grafted trees. Rootstocks are
seedlings of whatever a nurseryman can obtain. 'Arkin', a sweet type (i.e.,
nonacid), is the primary cultivar, accounting for 97% of the acreage. Minor
cultivars are 'Fwang Tung' and 'B-10', two other sweet types and 'Golden Star',
the major tart type. Carambolas originated in Southeast Asia. 'Arkin' was
selected by a local grower from seed brought from Thailand. Carambolas are
good sources of Vitamin C and potassium and a relatively good source of Vitamin
A. The current annual estimated value of this crop is $1.5 million.
Carambolas are relatively free of insect and disease problems. Green stink
bugs [Acrosternum hilare (Sav)], philephedra scale (Philephedra
tuberculosa Nakahara and Gill), and ambrosia beetles (Playtypus
wilsoni Swaine) are encountered occasionally. Anthracnose
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) and sooty mold
(Leptothyrium spp.) sometimes affect the fruit, while nematodes
(Rotylenchus reniformis Lindford and Oliveira) have been a problem on
roots in isolated cases.
Florida research on carambolas is in three locations: the TREC, the USDA
Station and the University of Florida's main campus in Gainesville. Flooding
tolerance studies are in progress at the TREC. Efforts at the USDA station
include breeding and compatibility/incompatibility studies. Postharvest work
is being done in Gainesville.
Commercial production of longans and lychees in South Florida is on air layered
trees. Longans originated in Southeast Asia while lychees came from China.
The major longan cultivar is 'Kohala' which is from Hawaii. 'Mauritius',
evidently from the island of the same name, is planted on 60% of the lychee
hectarage. 'Brewster', and 'Sweet Cliff', which came from China, and 'Bengal',
which is from Florida, are planted on the remaining 40%. Longans have an
annual estimated value of $300,000 while the value of the lychee crop is $1.0
million. Lychees are a good source of Vitamin C and potassium (Table 1).
At present, longans have no major pest problems. There are no major pests on
lychees, though scales [Florida red scale (Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead),
latania scale [Hemiberlesia lataniae (Sign.)], lychee bark scale,
(Pseudaulacaspis major (Ckll.)), Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes
floridensis Comst.), and pyriform scale (Protopulvinaria
pyriformis (Ckll.))], nematodes (Hemicriconemoides mangiferae
Siddiqui), and mushroom root rot [Clitocybe tabescens (Scop. ex Fr.)
Bres.] cause occasional damage. Anthracnose (Colletotrictium
gloeosporioides Penz.) is a problem on 'Mauritius' lychee fruit.
There is no current research on longans in Florida. Recent research on lychees
has been on flowering studies at the TREC.
Dade County mamey trees are grafted on seedling rootstocks. Mamey sapote has
its origins in Mexico and Central America. The major cultivars at this time
are 'Magana' and 'Pantin'. Minor cultivars are 'Tazumal' and 'Cuban No. 2'.
The mamey sapote crop has an annual estimated value of $1.5 million.
There are no major insect pests of mamey sapote, though Cuban May beetles
(Phyllophaga bruneri Chapin) and green leafhoppers
(Empoasca sp.) cause occasional damage. There are no important
pathogens, but Phytophthora sp. is suspected.
Recent research at the TREC has been on grafting techniques and cultivar
selection and evaluation. Local growers are also active in the cultivar
selection and evaluation process.
Papayas are grown from seed, mostly as an annual crop, in Dade County. Tissue
culture is also possible. Papayas originated in Tropical America. There are
two main types of papaya: hermaphroditic 'Solo' types, and dioecious "fruta
bomba" types. The former produce fruits which weigh 0.5-0.75 kg while the
latter weigh 1.0 kg or more. They are good sources of Vitamins A and C and of
potassium (Table 1). Papayas have an estimated annual value of $2.0 million.
Unlike some of the other specialty tropical fruits, papayas are affected by
several insect, disease and nematode pests. The major insect pests are: papaya
fruit fly (Toxotrypana curvicada Gerst.), papaya webworm
(Homolapalpia dalera), and papaya whitefly (Trialeurodes
variablilis). Philephedra scale (Philephedra tuberculosa( (Nakahara
and Gill)) and 2-spotted mite [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] are sometimes
important as well. Papayas are replanted annually because of the severity of
papaya ringspot virus, which is green peach aphid [Myrus persicae
(Sulz.)] vectored, in Dade County. They are also affected by anthracnose
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) and powdery mildew (Oidium
caricae Noack). Some local packing houses use a hot water bath to help
minimize anthracnose as a postharvest problem. Root-knot and reniform
nematodes [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitw. and
Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira] can also be a problem in
papaya plantings.
Current research on papayas in Florida is at two locations, the TREC and the
USDA Insects Affecting Man Laboratory in Gainesville. Research at the TREC is
on IR-4 registration of chlorothalonil for control of Alternaria;
anthracnose; stem end rot, and papaya fruit fly. USDA research is on the use
of a pheromone in traps for the papaya fruit fly.
There are two main types of passion fruit grown in Dade County: purple
(Passiflora edulissims) and yellow (P. edulis f.
flavicarpa Deg.). To date, the only named selection is 'Possum purple'. A
hybrid red type has also been grown. Purple passion fruit are from Brazil
while Australia may be the origin of the yellow passion fruit. Both types are
good sources of Vitamins A and C and of potassium (Table 1). The crop is
trellised or grown on fences. The current annual estimated value of passion
fruit is $250,000.
Nematodes (Meloidgyne spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford
and Oliveira) are a problem on passion fruit. Crown rot (Phytophthora
spp. or Fusarium spp.) is a significant problem on the plants. Green
stink bugs [Acrosternum hilare (Say)] and anthracnose (Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides Penz.) sometimes cause problems on the fruit as do scales
[Florida red scale (Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead), latania scale
(Hemiberlesia lataniae Sign.)), and lesser snow scale (Pinnaspis
strachani (Cooley))].
Current and recent research on passion fruit in Florida is at three locations:
the USDA station, the TREC, and Florida International University USDA research
encompasses: breeding and selection, including pollinators, and compatibility
schemes. Research at the TREC is on IR-4 registration of chlorothalonit for
Alternaria leaf and fruit spot. Florida International University was
recently the site of research on major pollinators in South Florida and flower
behavior.
Several of the tropical fruits being grown in South Florida, as well as some
which are too tropical to raise in Florida, are imported from Asian, Latin
American, Caribbean, and South Pacific countries (Table 2). Some are imported
fresh or frozen, while others are canned or processed (Table 3).
Table 3 lists tropical fruits found in supermarkets in South Florida which are
from Latin America and the Caribbean. While some of these products may be
popular primarily among groups already familiar with them, others have the
potential to be marketed nationally.
Both avocados and 'Tahiti' limes are marketed under Federal Marketing Orders.
The Administrative Committees for both groups are active in funding research on
these commodities. The Florida Mango Forum, Inc., a Dade County based
educational organization, is open to anyone interested in mangos. This group
has recently become involved in promoting locally grown mangos and has been
active in funding research programs.
Specialty tropical fruits have been part of the research program at the TREC
since its establishment in 1930. Some of the problems which are now causing
the industry concern have developed as hectarage has increased 'to combat these
problems, in the summer of 1988, tropical fruit growers formed an organization
called Tropical Fruit Growers of South Florida, Inc. Carambola growers are
currently developing a program to asses themselves on a per unit weight basis
to address research and marketing problems on this crop. Other commodity
groups are considering their role in funding research as well.
Amateur horticulturists have also played an important role in the introduction
and popularization of many of these fruits. Groups such as the Miami based
Rare Fruit Council, International have done much to fund exploration for new
fruit and new cultivars. Members have also been active in cultivar evaluation.
Many, counties in southern Florida, especially coastal areas, are suitable for
dooryard production of tropical and subtropical fruits (Table 4). Citrus can
be grown as far north as Marion County if care is taken in selecting a site;
certain very, hardy citrus will grow in protected areas of North Florida (Table
4).
The future of tropical fruits in South Florida seems very bright, especially
considering the involvement of local growers in the research process and their
commitment to funding these efforts. The aggressive marketing campaign which
has accompanied increases in production is exemplary and should serve as a
model for other industries. The major long term problem facing South Florida
growers includes the lack of land for future expansion, and likely decreases of
current agricultural areas due to urbanization. The policy of establishing
fruit fly-free areas in the Caribbean and elsewhere will have a significant
impact on Florida production, though the cost of getting this fruit to U.S.
markets may outweigh some of the advantages of cheaper land and labor in other
countries.
The following references are based on work conducted primarily in Florida since
1970. During this same period, research was also being conducted in Australia,
California, Hawaii, Israel and other locations.
General
- Alfieri, S.A., Jr., K.R. Langdon, C. Wehlburg, and J. W Kimbrough. 1984. Index
of plant diseases in Florida. Bul. 11 Div. Plant Indust., P.O. Box 1269,
Gainesville, FL 32602.
- Arnett, Ross H., Jr. 1985. American insects. A handbook of the insects of
America north of Mexico. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
- Campbell, Carl W. 1970. Minor tropical fruit cultivars in Florida. Proc. Amer.
Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Rex. 14:66 73.
- Campbell, C.W. 1971. Commercial production of minor tropical fruit crops in
Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 84:320-323.
- Campbell, C.W. 1976. Present and future of minor tropical fruit species in
Florida and similar areas. Acta Hort. 57:89-96.
- Campbell, C.W. 1983. Tropical fruits produced commercially in Florida. Proc.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 27(A):101-110.
- Campbell, C.W. 1986. Tropical fruit crops in Florida-A rapidly changing
situation. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 99:217-219.
- Campbell, C.W. 1987. Tropical food exports: Horticultural considerations. Food
Tech. 41(5):108-109.
- Dekle, G. Wallace. 1965. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida
and neighboring land areas. Vol. 3. Fla. Dept. Agric. & Consum. Serv., Div.
Plant Indust., P.O. Drawer 1269, Gainesville, FL 32601.
- Ebeling, Walter. 1950. Subtropical entomology. Lithotype Process Co., San
Francisco.
- Federal-State Market News Service. 1986. Marketing Florida Tropical Fruits
and Vegetables. Summary 1985-86 Season. Federal-State Market News
Service, Winter Park, FL.
- Harmon, Avas B. and Michael L. Williams. 1984. The soft scales of Florida.
(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. Vol.
11. Fla. Dept. Agric. & Consum. Serv., Div. Plant Indust., P.O. Box 1269,
Gainesville, FL 32602.
- Knight, R.J., Jr., M. Lamberts, and J.S. Bunch. 1984. World and local
importance of some tropical fruit crops grown in Florida. Proc. Fla. State
Hort. Soc. 97:351-354.
- Knight, R.J., Jr., P.K. Soderholm, A.K. Burditt, Jr., and D.H. Spaulding. 1974.
Plant introduction in Florida and its relationship to horticulture in the
tropics. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 18:160-165.
- Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Campbell, and Ruth M. Ruberte. 1987. Perennial
edible fruits of the tropics. An inventory. USDA Agric. Handb. 642. Washington,
DC.
- Morton, J.F. 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton. 20534 SW 92 Ct.,
Miami, FL 33189.
- Ogden, Mary Ann, Larry K. Jackson, and Carl W. Campbell. 1981. Florida tropical
fruit culture via Master Gardener. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 94:222-225.
- Page, P.E. (Compiler.) 1984. Tropical tree fruits for Australia. Queensland
Dept. of Primary lndust., Brisbane, Queensland.
- Reuther, Walter, Herbert John Weber, and Leon Dexter Batchelor. 1967. The
citrus industry. Vol. I. Univ. of Calif., Div. of Agric. Sci.: Berkeley.
- Smith, Janell, Seymour Goldweber, Mary Lamberts, Richard Tyson, and J.S.
Reynolds. 1983. Utilization potential for semi-tropical and tropical fruits and
vegetables in therapeutic and family diets. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
96:241-244.
- U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations. 1972. Food composition tablefor use in
EastAsia. U.S. Government Prinfing Office, Washington, DC.
- Watt, Bernice K., Annabel L. Merril, Rebecca K. Pecot, Catherine F. Adams,
Martha Louise Orr and Donald F. Miller. 1975. Handbook of the nutritional
contents of foods. Prepared for the USDA., Dover Publications, New York.
- Wright, Mary. 1986. U.S. Unports of fruits atid vegetables under plant
quarantine regulations, fiscal year 1985. USDA., Econ. Res. Serv., Int. Econ.
Div. ERS Staff Rpt. AGES860304, Washington, DC.
Atemoya and Sugar Apple
- Campbell, C.W. 1979. Effect of gibberellin treatment and hand pollination on
fruit-set of atemoya (Annona hybrid). Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop.
Reg. 23:122-124.
- Ogden, Mary Ann H., C.W. Campbell, and S. Pablo Lara. 1981. Grafting
Annonas in southern Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 94:355-358.
- Pena, J.E., H. Glenn, and R.M. Baranowski. 1984. Important insect pests of
Annona spp. in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97:337-340.
Avocado
- Barmore, Charles R. and A.H. Rouse. 1976. Pectinesterase activity in controlled
atmosphere stored avocados. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101:294-296.
- Campbell, Carl W. and Simon E. Malo. 1978. Review of methods for measuring
avocado maturity in Florida. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 22:16-26.
- Gomez, R.E., J. Soule, and S.E. Malo. 1971. Avocado air layers-A study of seven
varieties during a year's cycle. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
15:113-120.
- Gomez, Ricardo E., James Soule, and Simon E. Malo. 1973. Anatomical aspects of
avocado stems with reference to rooting. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
17:23-28.
- Hallatou, M., S.E. Malo, and J.B. Fisher. 1977. Cleft grafting of young avocado
and the nature of the union. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 21:9-10.
- Hatton, T.T. and William F. Reeder. 1972. Quality of 'Lula' avocados stored in
controlled atmospheres with or without ethylene. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
97:339-341.
- Malo, Simone E. 1971. Girdling increases avocado yields in South Florida. Proc.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 15:19-25.
- Malo, Simon E. 1972. Soil injection of iron chelates for avocados grown in
Florida's calcareous soils. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 16:15-20.
- Malo, Simon E. 1976. The use of trunk implants to correct iron chlorosis in
avocado trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 20:92-97.
- Rhodes, A.M., Simon E. Malo, Carl W. Campbell, and S.G. Carmen. 1971. A
numerical taxonomic study of the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) J.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96:391-395.
- Schaffer, Bruce and R.M. Baranowski. 1986. Sample size estimates for avocado
yield experiments. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:985-987.
- Schaffer, B., J. Pena, S.P. Lara, and D. Buisson. 1986. Net photosynthesis,
transpiration, and stomatal conductance of avocado leaves infested by avocado
red mites. Proc. Interamer. Soc. Trop. Hort. 30:73-77.
- Schaffer, Bruce, L. Ramos, and S.P. Lara. 1987. Effect of fruit removal on net
gas exchange of avocado leaves HortScience 22:925-927.
- Vakis, N., W. Grierson, and J. Soule. 1970. Chilling injury in tropical and
subtropical fruit. III. The role of CO2 in suppressing chilling injury of
grapefruit and avocados. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:89-100.
- Wolfenbarger, D.O. and S.D. Walker. 1974. Abundances of coconut scale on
different avocado cultivars. Proc, Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
18:152-154.
- Wolfenbarger, D.O. 1982. Notas sobre el insecto barrenador negro de las ramas y
tallos de aguacate v mango en la Florida. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop.
Reg. 25:215-216.
Carambola
- Campbell, C.W., R.J. Knight, Jr., and R. Olszack. 1985. Carambola production in
Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 98:145-149.
- Campbell, Craig A., Don J. Huber, and Karen E. Koch. 1987. Postharvest response
of carambolas to storage at low temperatures. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
100:272-275.
- Kenney, P. and L. Hull. 1986. Effects of storage condition on carambola quality
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 99:222-224.
- Knight, Robert J., Jr. 1982. Response of carambola seedling populations to Dade
County's oolitic limestone soil. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:121-122.
- Nordby, H.E. and N.T. Hall. 1979. Lipid markers in chemotaxonomy of tropical
fruits: preliminary studies with carambola and loquat. Proc. Fla. State Hort.
Soc. 92:298-300.
- Oslund, Clayton R. and Thomas L. Davenport. 1983. Ethylene and carbon dioxide
in ripening fruit of Averrhoa carambola. HortScience 18:229-230.
- Wagner, Charles J., Jr., William L. Bryan, Robert E. Berry, and Robert J.
Knight, Jr. 1975. Carambola selection for commercial production. Proc. Fla.
State Hort. Soc. 88:466-469.
Lime
- Campbell, Carl W. 1972a. Effect of population density of yield of 'Tahiti'
lime. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 16:29-33.
- Campbell, Carl W. 1972b. Rootstock effects on tree size and yield of 'Tahiti'
lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
85:332-334.
- Campbell, Carl W. 1975. Ten new 'Tahiti' lime selections. Proc. Fla. State
Hort. Soc. 88:455-457.
- Campbell, Carl W and Seymour Goldweber. 1979. Roostocks for Citrus in
the limestone soils of southern Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
92:290-291.
- Davenport, Thomas L. 1983. Daminozide and gibberellin effects on floral
induction of Citrus latifolia. HortScience 18:947-949.
- Davenport, Tom L., Carl W. Campbell, and Paul G. Orth. 1976. Stylar-end
breakdown in 'Tahiti' lime: Some causes and cures. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
89:245-248.
- Hatton, T. T, Jr. and William F. Reeder. 1971. Ascorbic acid concentrations in
Florida-grown 'Tahiti' (Persian) limes. Proc. Amer. Soc Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
15:89-94.
- Jackson, L.K., W.B. Sherman, and C.W. Campbell. 1972. Seedlessness in 'Tahiti'
lime. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 85:330-332.
- Krome, Wm.H., R.C.J. Koo, and T.W. Young. 1970. Irrigation experiments
with'Tahiti' lime in Dade County Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 83:380-381.
- Oslund, Clayton R. and Thomas L. Davenport. 1987. Seasonal enhancement of
flower development in 'Tahiti' limes by marcottage. HortScience 22:498-501.
- Southwick, S.M. and T.L. Davenport. 1987. Modification of the water
stress-induced floral response in 'Tahiti' lime. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
112:231-236.
- Spalding, D.H. and W.F. Reeder. 1974. Quality of 'Tahiti' limes stored in a
controlled atmosphere or under low pressure. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop.
Reg. 18:128-135.
- Spalding, Donald H. and William F. Reeder. 1983. Conditioning 'Tahiti' lime to
reduce chilling injury. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 96:231-232.
- Young, T.W. and R.C.J. Koo. 1972. Effects of magnesium nitrate sprays on
magnesium deficient lime trees on calcareous soil. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
85:334-337.
Longan and Lychee
- Olszack, Reed. 1986. Current status of lychees and longans in South Florida.
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 99:219-221
- Young, T.W. 1970. Some climatic effects on flowering and fruiting of 'Brewster'
lychee trees in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 83:362-367.
- Young, T.W. 1977. Effect of branch girdling on yield of severely pruned
'Brewster' lychee trees. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:251-253.
Mamey Sapote
- Campbell, C.W. and S.P. Lara. 1982. Mamey sapote cultivars in Florida. Proc.
Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:114-115.
- Malo, Simon E. 1970. Propagation of the mamey sapote. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:165-174.
- Ogden, Mary Ann H. and Carl W. Campbell. 1980. Canister as a rootstock for
mamey sapote. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 93:133-136.
- Ogden, M.A.H., C.W. Campbell, and S.P. Lara. 1984a. Juvenile interstocks for
topworking mamey sapote (Calocarpum sapota [Jacq.] Merr.). Proc. Fla.
State Hort. Soc. 97:357-358.
- Ogden, M.A.H., C.W. Campbell, and S.P. Lara. 1984b. Removal of apical dominance
in rootstocks to enhance grafting success in mamey sapote (Calocarpum
sapota [Jacq.] Merr.). Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 28:79-81.
- Ogden, Marv Ann H., Carl W. Campbell, and S. Pablo Lara. 1986. Grafting
techniques for mamey sapote (Calocarpum sapota [Jacq.] Merr.). Proc.
Interamer. Soc. Trop. Hort. 30:215-221.
Mango
- Barmore, Charles R., Robert T. McMillan, and Donald H. Spalding. 1973.
Postharvest control of anthracnose on mango fruit as affected by a preharvest
application of an antitranspirant plus benomyl. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
Trop. Reg. 17:74-80.
- Bryan, H.H., R.T. McMillan, Jr., and S.E. Malo. 1972. Effect of benomyl on
mango color and anthracnose. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
16:161-170.
- Campbell, Carl W. 1973. The 'Tommy Atkins' Mango. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
86:348-350.
- Campbell, C.W. 1986. Current status of mango malformation disease in Florida.
Proc. Interamer. Soc. Trop. Hort. 30:223-226.
- Campbell, C.W., and S.E. Malo. 1976. Mango cultivars in Florida. 1976. Proc.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 20:143-150.
- Knight, Robert J., Jr. 1970. Polyembryonic manges: their unrealized potential.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:145-155.
- Knight, R.J., Jr. 1971. Mango and avocado evaluation in southeastern Florida.
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 84:314-317.
- Koo, R.C.J.and TW. Young. 1972. Effects of age and position on mineral
composition of mango leaves. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 97:792-794.
- Litz, Richard E. 1984. In vitro somatic embryogenesis from nucellar callus of
monoembryonic mango. HortScience 19:715-717.
- Malo, Simon E. 1970. Mango and avocado cultivars present status and future
development. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:74-83.
- Malo, Simon E. and Carl W. Campbell. 1978. Studies on mango fruit breakdown in
Florida. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 22:1-15.
- McKellar, D.W. Buchanan, and C.W. Campbell. 1983. Cold hardiness of two
cultivars of avocado and a mango. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 96:212-215.
- McMillan, R.T., Jr. 1974. Enhancement of anthracnose control by combining
benomyl with Nu-Film 17. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 18:135-139.
- McSorley, Robert, Carl W. Campbell, and Seymour Goldweber. 1980. Observations
on a mango decline in south Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 93:132-133.
- Miller, W.R., P.W. Hale, D.H. Spalding, and P. Davis. 1983. Quality and decay
of mango fruit wrapped in heat-shrinkable film. HortScience 18:957-958.
- Rhodes, A.M., Carl Campbell, Simon E. Malo,and S.G.Carmer. 1970. A numerical
taxonomic study of the mango Mangifera indica L. J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 95:252-256.
- Saucedo Veloz, C., F. Esparza Torres, and S. Lakshminarayana. 1977. Effect of
refrigerated temperatures on the incidence of chilling injury and ripening
quality of mango fruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:205-210.
- Schaffer, Bruce, Kirk D. Larson, George H. Snyder, and Charles A. Sanchez.
1988. Identification of mineral deficiencies associated with mango decline by
DRIS. HortScience 23:617-619.
- Sharp, Jennifer L. and Donald H. Spalding. 1984. Hot water as a quarantine
treatment for Florida mangos infested with Caribbean fruit fly. Proc Fla. State
Hort. Soc. 97:355-357.
- Soule, James. 1971. Anatomy of the bud union in mango (Mangifera indica
L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96:380-383.
- Soule, James and John L. Malcolm. 1970. A simple method for estimating mango
leaf areas. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:84-88.
- Spalding, Donald H. and Donald L. von Windeguth. 1988. Quality and decay of
irradiated mangos. HortScience 23:187-189.
- Young, T.W. and R.C.J. Koo. 1971. Variations in mineral content of Florida
mango leaves. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 84:298-303.
Papaya
- Conover, Robert A. 1976a. A program for development of papayas tolerant to the
distortion ringspot virus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 89:229-231.
- Conover, Robert A. 1976b. Evaluation of methods for detection of tolerance to
distortion ringspot virus in Florida. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg.
20:51-57.
- Conover, Robert A. 1979a. Evaluation of alternative methods for planting
papayas. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 92:280-281.
- Conover, Robert A. 1979b. Yellow strap, a new disease of Florida papayas. Proc.
Fla. State Hort. Soc. 92:276-277.
- Conover, Robert A. and Richard E. Litz. 1978. Progress in breeding papayas with
tolerance to papaya ringspot virus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 91:182-184.
- Conover, Robert A. and Richard E. Litz. 1979. Breeding papayas tolerant to
papaya ringspot virus. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 23:155-157.
- Conover, R.A., R.E. Litz, and S.E. Malo. 1986. 'Cariflora'a papaya ringspot
virus-tolerant papava for south Florida and the Caribbean. HortScience
21:1072.
- Conover, Robert A. and Van H. Waddill. 1981. Permethrin as a control for the
papaya fruit fly. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 94:353-355.
- Litz, Richard E. 1986. Effect of osmotic stress on somafic embryogenesis in
Carica suspension cultures. J. Amer, Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:969-972.
- Litz, Richard E. and Robert A. Conover. 1977. Tissue culture propagation of
papaya. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:245-246.
- Litz, R.E. and R.A. Conover. 1978. Recent advances in papaya tissue culture.
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 91:180-182.
- Litz, Richard E. and Robert A. Conover. 1979a. Development of systems for
obtaining parasexual Carica hybrids. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
92:281-283.
- Litz, Richard F. and Robert A. Conover. 1979b. (In vitro) improvement of
(Carica papaya L). Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 23:157-159.
- Litz, Richard E. and Robert A. Conover. 1980. Somatic embryogenesis in cell
cultures of Carica stipulata. HortScience 15:733-735.
- Litz, Richard E. and Robert A. Conover. 1981. Effect of sex type, season, and
other factors on in vitro establishment and culture of Carica papaya L.
explants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106:792-794.
- McMillan, R.T., Jr. and D. Gonsalves. 1987. Effectiveness of cross-protection
by a mild mutant of papaya ringspot virus for control of ringspot disease of
papaya in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100:294-296.
- McSorley, R., J.L. Parrado, and R.A. Conover. 1983. Population buildup and
effects of the reniform nematode of papaya in southern Florida. Proc. Fla.
State Hort. Soc. 96:198-200.
- Moore, G.A. and R.E. Litz. 1984. Biochemical markers for Carica papaya, C.
caulilflora and plants from somatic embryos of their hybrid. J. Amer. Soc.
Hort. Sci. 109:213-218.
- Sauls, Julian W. and Carl W. Campbell. 1980. Herbicide screening on Carica
papaya L. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Trop. Reg. 24:93-96.
- Stambaugh, Scott U. 1970. Standardization of the papaya. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. Trop. Reg. 14:218-222.
Passion Fruit
- Hammer, Lisa H. 1987. The pollinators of the yellow passionfruitDo they limit
the success of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa as a tropical
crop? Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100:283-287.
- Hardin, Lisa C. 1986. Floral biology and breeding system of the yellow
passionfruit, Passilflora edulis f. flavicarpa. Proc. Interamer.
Soc. Trop. Hort. 30:35-44.
- Knight, Robert J., Jr. 1972. The potential for Florida of hybrids between the
purple and yellow passionfruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 85:288-292.
Florida
Cooperative Extension Service Publications
- Brogdon, James E. 1976. Citrus blackfly. Entomology Fact Sheet 17. Fla. Coop.
Ext. Serv, Gainesville.
- Campbell, C.W. y S. . Malo. 1969. El lichi. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet 6. Fla.
Coop. Ext. Serv, Gainesville.
- Campbell, C.W. and S.E. Malo. 1974. The mango. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-74-2.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Campbell, C.W. and S.E. Malo. 1975a. The carambola. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet
FC-12. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv, Gainesville.
- Campbell, C.W. and S.E. Malo. 1975b. The lychee. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-6.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Campbell, C.W. and R.L. Phillips. 1980. The atemoya. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet
FC-64. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Conover, Robert A., Richard E. Litz, and Simon E. Malo. 1986. Cariflora. A
papaya for South Florida with tolerance to papaya ringspot virus. Circ. S-239.
Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta., Gainesville.
- Davies, F.S. and L.K Jackson. 1985. Methods of cold protection for young citrus
trees. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-75 Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Ferguson, James J. 1984. Citrus canker in dooryard plantings. Fruit Crops Fact
Sheet FC-73. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv. Gainesville.
- Ferguson, J. and D. Mitchell. 1985. Foot rot of citrus. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet
FC-71. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv, Gainesville.
- Ford, Harry W., Bishop C. Beville, and Victor W. Carlisle. 1985. A guidefor
plastic tile drainage in Florida citrus groves. Circ. 661. Fla. Coop. Ext.
Serv., Gainesville.
- Goldweber, Seymour. 1981. Red alga (Cephalevros virescens) on limes,
lemons, other citrus, mangos and avocados. Fruit Facts for Fruit Growers 60.
Dade County Coop. Ext., Homestead, FL.
- Goldweber, Seymour. 1982. Avocado tree girdlers infesting avocado tree trunks.
Fruit Facts for Fruit Growers 61. Dade County Coop. Ext., Homestead, FL.
- Goldweber, Seymour. 1983. Red banded thrips on avocado and mango trees. Avocado
red mites infesting avocados and mangos. Fruit Facts for Fruit Growers 66. Dade
County Coop. Ext., Homestead, FL.
- Jackson, Larry K. and James J. Ferguson. 1984. Plantingand care of dooryard
citrus. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-31-A. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Jackson, Larry K. and Julian W. Sauls. 1983. Cold protection of young citrus.
Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-24. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Knapp, Joseph L. 1980. Control of insects, mites and diseases of Florida's
dooryard citrus trees. Circ. 139G. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Knapp, Joseph L. 1985. The mediterrancan fruit fly. Entomology Fact Sheet
ENT-54. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Knapp, Joseph L., Robert V. Dowell, Ronald H. Cherry George E. Fitzpatrick, and
James A. Reinert. 1980. citrus blackfly in Florida. Circ. 475. Fla. Coop. Ext.
Serv., Gainesville.
- Knight, R.J., Jr.and Julian W.Sauls. 1986. The passion fruit. Fruit Crops Fact
Sheet FC-60. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Koo, R.C.J. (ed.) 1984. Recommended fertilizers and nutritional sprays for
citrus. Bul. 536D. Agric. Exp. Sta., University of Florida, Gainesville.
- Lawrence, Fred P. and Don Bridges. 1974. Rootstocks for citrus in Florida.
Circ. 394. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- McMillan, R.T., Jr. 1979. Fungicides for disease control on mangos in Florida.
Homestead AREC Research Report SB79-1. Agric. Res. and Educ. Center, Homestead,
FL.
- McSorley, Robert. 1981. Plant parasitic nematodes associated with tropical and
subtropical fruit. Bul. 823 (tech.). Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Fla.,
Gainesville.
- Malo, S.E. 1976. Fertilizing avocado orchards through trickle irrgation.
Homestead AREC Research Report SB76-1 Agric. Res. and Educ. Center, Homestead,
FL.
- Malo, S.E. y C.W. Campbell. 1967. El aguacate. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet 3. Fla.
Coop. Ext Serv., Gainesville.
- Malo, S.E. and C.W. Campbell. 1981. The avocado. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-3.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Malo, S.E. and C.W. Campbell. 1984a. The banana. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-10.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Malo, S.E. and C.W. Campbell. 1984b. The 'Tahiti' lime. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet
FC-8. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Malo, S.E. and C.W. Campbell. 1986. The papaya. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-11.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Parsons, Lawrence R. 1984. Microsprinkler irrigation for citrus cold
protection. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-69. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Phillips, R.L. 1980. Pruning principles and practices for Florida citrus. Circ.
477. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Phillips, Richard L. 1983. Rejuvenation pruning of citrus. Fruit Crops Fact
Sheet FC-45. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Phillips, R.L. and C.W. Campbell. 1980. The sugar apple. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet
FC-38. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Phillips, R.L., C.W. Campbell, and S.E. Malo. 1980. The longan. Fruit Crops
Fact Sheet FC-26. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Phillips, R.L., S.E. Malo, and C.W. Campbell. 1984. The mamey sapote. Fruit
Crops Fact Sheet FC-30. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Pohronezny, Ken and R.E. Litz. 1987. Some common diseases of papaya in Florida.
Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PP-35 Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Pohronezny, Ken and R.B. Marlatt. 1982. Some common diseases of mango in
Florida. Plant Pathology Factsheet PP-23. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Pohronezny, Ken and R. B. Marlatt. 1982. Some common diseases of avocado in
Florida. Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PP-21. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv.,
Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W. 1986. Avocado propagation. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-52. Fla.
Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W. and Carl W. Campbell. 1986. Mango propqgation. Fruit Crops
Fact Sheet FC-58. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W. and Larry K. Jackson. 1979. Care of freeze-damaged citrus
trees. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-18. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W., Larry K. Jackson, and T.E. Crocker. 1983. Dooryard fruit
varieties. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-23. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W. and Larry K. Jackson. 1983. Lemons, limes and other acid
citrus. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC-42. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Sauls, Julian W. and Larry K. Jackson. 1984. Citrus propagation. Fruit Crops
Fact Sheet FC-32. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Smajstrla, Allen G., Dalton S. Harrison, Fedro S. Zazueta, and Kenneth C.
Stone. 1987. Trickle irrigation scheduling for Florida citrus. Bul. 208. Fla.
Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Soule, James and Fred Lawrence. 1971. How to grow your own mango tree. Circ.
342. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Soule, James and Fred P. Lawrence. 1983. How to grow your own citrus tree.
Circ. 339. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Tucker, David P H. 1978. Citrus irrigation management. Circ. 444. Fla. Coop.
Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Tucker, D.P.H. and C.O. Youtsey. 1983. Citrus nusery practices. Circ. 430. Fla.
Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- van Blokland, P.J. 1985. A simple method for hedging citrus. Food and Resource
Economics Fact Sheet FRE-55. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Water Resources Council. 1978. Water requirements for citrus. Water Resouces
Council Fact Sheet WRC-4. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
- Young, T.W. and Juhan W. Sauls. 1981. The mango industry in Florida. Bull. 189.
Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
*Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. N-00011
Table 1. Nutritional composition of 100 g of selected tropical
fruits.z
| | | | | Carbohydrates | Minerals | Vitamins |
Fruit | Water (%) | Calories | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Total (g) | Fiber (g) | Ash (g) | Ca (mg) | P (mg) | Fe (mg) | Na (mg) | K (mg) | A (IU) | Thiamine (mg) | Riboflavin (mg) | Niacin (mg) | Ascorbic acid (mg) |
Sugar apple, raw | 73.3 | 94 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 23.7 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 22 | 41 | 0.6 | 11 | 275 | 10 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 1.0 | 34 |
Avocado, raw, Fl | 78.0 | 128 | 1.3 | 11.0 | 8.8 | (1.5) | 0.9 | 10 | 42 | 0.6 | 4 | 604 | 290 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 1.6 | 14 |
Carambola, raw | 90.4 | 35 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 8.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 4 | 17 | 1.5 | 2 | 192 | 1200 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 35 |
Lime, raw | 89.3 | 28 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 33 | 18 | 0.6 | 2 | 102 | 10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 37 |
Longan, raw | 82.4 | 61 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 15.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 10 | 42 | 1.2 | | | | | | | (6) |
Lychee, raw | 81.9 | 64 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 16.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 8 | 42 | 0.4 | 3 | 170 | | | 0.05 | | 42 |
Mamey, raw | 70.2 | 107 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 27.6 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 22 | 14 | 0.9 | 6 | 226 | 60 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.4 | 23 |
Mango, raw | 81.7 | 66 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 16.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 10 | 13 | 0.4 | 7 | 189 | 4800 | 0.05 | 0,05 | 1.1 | 35 |
Papaya, raw | 88.7 | 39 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 20 | 16 | 0.3 | 3 | 234 | 1750 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 56 |
Passion fruit, purple, raw, | 75.1 | 90 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 21.2 | | 0.8 | 13 | 64 | 1.6 | 28 | 348 | 700 | Trace | 0.13 | 1.5 | 30 |
zSources: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1972. Food composition table
for use in East Asia, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Watt,
Bernice K., Annabel L. Merril, Rebecca K. Pecot, Catherine F. Adams, Martha
Louise Orr and Donald F. Miller. 1975. Handbook of of the nutritional contents
of foods. Prepared for the USDA. Dover Publications, Inc., New, York.
Table 2. 1985 United States imports of fresh and frozen tropical fruits
under plant quarantine regulations.
Commodity | Country | Imports (kg) | Percentage of total imports |
Avocado | Dominican Republic | 1,614,981 | 88.3 |
| Bahamas | 201,487 | 11.0 |
Avocado, frozen | Guatemala | 1,167 | 100.0 |
Lime | Mexico | 34,616,780 | 88.5 |
| Bahamas | 3,591,837 | 9.2 |
Longan, frozen | Thailand | 33,662 | 100.0 |
Lychee | Mexico | 29,659 | 100.0 |
Lychee, frozen | Thailand | 14,869 | 62.1 |
| Taiwan | 9,080 | 37.9 |
Mango | Mexico | 29,783,489 | 74.9 |
| Haiti | 9,270,183 | 23.3 |
Mango, frozen | Mexico | 706,896 | 84.7 |
| Dominican Republic | 46,714 | 5.6 |
| Peru | 42,204 | 5.0 |
| Guatemala | 26,451 | 3.1 |
Papaya | Mexico | 1,841,234 | 51.1 |
| Bahamas | 1,602,760 | 45.4 |
| Dominican Republic | 126,868 | 3.5 |
Papaya, frozen | Guatemala | 108,466 | 41.7 |
| Dominican Republic | 97,693 | 37.6 |
| Costa Rica | 22,174 | 8.5 |
| Honduras | 18,621 | 7.1 |
Passion fruit | New Zealand | 39,429 | 100.0 |
Passion fruit, frozen | Western Samoa | 36,000 | 72.6 |
| Dominican Republic | 11,837 | 23.8 |
| Ecuador | 1,580 | 3.1 |
Sapote | Colombia | 288 | 100.0 |
Sapote, frozen | Guatemala | 2,280 | 92.6 |
| Colombia | 180 | 7.3 |
Soursop, frozen | Dominican Republic | 121,890 | 94.8 |
| Costa Rica | 3,381 | 2.6 |
| Venezuela | 3,183 | 2.4 |
Tamarind bean pod | Mexico | 467,005 | 71.6 |
| Dominican Republic | 183,895 | 28.1 |
Tamarind bean pod, frozen | Dominican Republic | 65,498 | 91.6 |
| Costa Rica | 5,937 | 8.3 |
Sources: Wright, Mary. 1986. U.S. Imports of fruits and vegetables under plant
quarantine, regulations, fiscal year 1985. USDA., Econ. Res. Serv., Int. Econ.
Div. ERS Staff Report No. AGES860304, Washington, DC. Limes: Federal-State
Market News Service. 1986. Marketing Florida Tropical Fruits and Vegetables.
Summary 1985-86 Season. Federal-State Market News Service, Winter Park, FL.
Table 3. Tropical fruit products found in eight South Florida
supermarketsz with country, of originOctober 1988.
Section | Brand | Product | Origin |
Juice | Goya | Guanabana |
| | Guava |
| | Mango |
| | Papaya |
| | Pear & Passion fruit |
| | Pineapple & Guava |
| | Pineapple & Passion fruit |
| | Tamarind |
| Grace | Papaya | Puerto Rico |
| | Soursop | Puerto Rico |
| Iberia | Coconut-Pineapple punch |
| | Guanabana |
| | Guava |
| | Mango |
| | Papaya |
| | Tamarind |
| Jumex | Guava | Mexico |
| | Mango | Mexico |
| | Papaya & Pineapple | Mexico |
| | Tamarind | Mexico |
| La Preferida | Guava |
| | Mango |
| | Tamarind |
| Libby | Banana |
| | Guava |
| | Mango |
| Mauna Lai | Hawaiian guava | Hawaii |
| | Hawaiian guava-Passion fruit | Hawaii |
| Pascual | Guava drink |
| | Mango drink |
| Sans Souci | Soursop |
| | Tamarind |
| Summer Song | Passion fruit |
| | Tropical papaya |
| | Mango |
| Sunny Delight | Guava nectar |
| | Papaya nectar |
| Tropicana | Orange-Strawberry-Banana |
| | Orange-Passion fruit |
Canned including jellies & pastes | Ancel | Grated Coconut |
| | Guava marmalade | Dominican Republic |
| | Guava paste |
| | Guava paste with Guava jelly |
| | Guava shells |
| | Orange shells | Dominican Republic |
| | Papaya chunks | Dominican Republic |
| Conchita | Boniatillo (sweet potato) | Brazil |
| | Grated coconut | Dominican Republic |
| | Green papaya chunks | Brazil |
| | Guanabana | Dominican Republic |
| | Guava marmalade | Brazil |
| | Guava paste | Brazil |
| | Guava preserves | Brazil |
| | Guava shells | Brazil |
| | Mango marmalade | Dominican Republic |
| | Mango slices | Dominican Republic |
| | Orange shells | Dominican Republic |
| | Papaya chunks | Brazil |
| | Papaya slices | Brazil |
| Del Rio | Guava paste | Brazil |
| Dona Paula | Guava sifting | Colombia |
| Goya | Cream of coconut |
| | Guava marmalade |
| | Guava paste |
| | Guava shells | Brazil |
| Iberia | Grated coconut |
| | Guava marmalade |
| | Guava shells |
| | Orange shells |
| | Papaya chunks |
| La Cubanita | Grated coconut | Dominican Republic |
| | Guava cream |
| | Guava jelly |
| | Guava paste |
| | Guava paste with jelly |
| | Guava paste with milk cream |
| | Mango cream |
| | Mango paste |
| | Milk cream |
| | Napolitano: Guava, Milk cream |
| | Napolitano: Mango, Guava, Milk cream |
| La Cubanita | Orange cream |
| | Orange paste |
| | Orange shells | Dominican Republic |
| | Papaya chunks | Dominican Republic |
| | Quince membrillo |
| La Fe | Coconut |
| | Guava |
| | Guava paste |
| | Guava paste with Guava jelly |
| | Mamey |
| | Papaya chunks |
| Nana | Guava shells | Dominican Republic |
| Pava | Naranjilla halves | Ecuador |
| | Babaco | Ecuador |
| Solofruta | Guava paste units | Colombia |
Dried | Del Monte | Fruit snacks |
| | Tropical fruit mix |
Frozen | AAA | Guanabana | Dominican Republic |
| | Mamey | Guatemala |
| | Papaya | Costa Rica |
| | Passion fruit | Costa Rica |
| | Pineapple | Costa Rica |
| | Tamarind | Dominican Republic |
| Caribik Sun | Guava nectar | Puerto Rico |
| | Soursop nectar | Puerto Rico |
| | Tamarind nectar | Puerto Rico |
| Fela | Passion fruit | Dominican Republic |
| Golden Tropic | Pineapple chunks | Costa Rica |
| Goya | Mango | Dominican Republic |
| Jagua | Banana leaves | Guatemala |
| | Mango | Guatemala |
| La Fe | Anon (sweet sop) | Dominican Republic |
| | Papaya | Guatemala |
| | Passion fruit | Dominican Republic |
| | Tamarind | Dominican Republic |
| Tropicsun | Anon | Dominican Republic |
| | Coconut | Dominican Republic |
| | Guanabana | Dominican Republic |
| | Mamey | Honduras |
| | Mango | Dominican Republic |
| | Nance | Guatemala |
| | Papaya | Dominican Republic |
| | Passion fruit-Parcha | Dominican Republic |
| | Pineapple | Guatemala |
| | Tamarind | Dominican Republic |
| Truvy | Anon (sweet sop) | Dominican Republic |
| | Coconut | Dominican Republic |
| | Guanabana |
| | Mamey | Guatemala |
| | Mango | Dominican Republic |
| | Papaya | Costa Rica |
| | Passion fruit | Dominican Republic |
| | Pineapple | Costa Rica |
| Yucatica | Coconut | Costa Rica |
| | Mamey | Guatemala |
| | Mango | Costa Rica |
| | Nance | Costa Rica |
Health Food | After The Fall | Golden passion |
| | Orange papaya |
| RW Knudsen | Papaya nectar |
| Family | Strawberry-Guava juice |
| Health Valley | Fruit jumbos |
| | Tropical fruit cookies |
jams & | Poiret | Pear & Passion fruit spread |
jellies | Palmalito | Guava jelly |
| Deep South | Guava jelly |
zStores surveyed: Food Land, Homestead; Publix, Fort Lauderdale; Sedanos,
Miami; Table Supply; Naranja Lakes; Tropical Supermarket, Miami; Winn Dixie,
Homestead; Xtra, Hialeah, Florida.
Table 4. Dooryard tropical and subtropical fruits which can be grown in
Florida.z
Family | Scientific name | Common name(s) | Plant type | Cold hardinessy | Cultivarx |
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | Mango | Large tree | SCo | Some Anth. res, fair qual.: Carrie, Early Gold, Florigon, Glenn, Saigon Good qual., poor Anth. res.: Irwin, Keitt, Kent, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy, Atkins. |
| Spondias cytherea Sonn. | Ambarella, golden apple | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Spondias purpurea L. | Red mombin, purple mombin | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Spondias mombin L. | Yellow mombin, hog plum | Medium tree | SCo | |
Annonaceae | Annona reticulata L. | Custard apple | Small tree | SCo | |
| Annona squamosa L. | Sugarapple, sweetsop | Small tree | SCo | |
| Annona squamosa L. x A. cherimola Mill. | Atemoya | Small tree | SCo | African Pride, Page |
Apocynaceae | Carissa grandiflora DC | Natal plum, carissa | Shrub | Pro | |
Araceac | Monstera deliciosa Liebm. | Monstera, ceriman | Large vine | SCo | |
Bromeliaceae | Ananas comosus Merr. | Pineapple | Bromeliad | SCo | Abakka, Natal Queen, Pernambuco red, Spanish, Smooth Cayenne |
Cactaceae | Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. | Prickly pear | Cactus "shrub" | All | |
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | Papaya | Arborescent herb | SCo | Solo, Cariflora, seedlings |
Combretaceac | Terminalia L. | Tropical almond | Medium tree | SCo | |
Ebenaceae | Diospytos ebenaster Retz | Black sapote | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Diospytos discolor Willd. | Velvet apple | Medium tree | SCo |
Euphorbiaceae | Antidesma bunuis (L.) Spreng. | Bignay, antidesma | Small tree | SCo | |
Flacourtiaceae | Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. et Harv.) Warb. | Kei-apple, Caffir plum | Shrub | Pro | |
| Dovyalis hebecarpa Warb. | Ceylon gooseberry | Large shrub | Pro | |
| Flacourtia indica Merr. | Governor's plum | Shrub | Pro | |
Guttiferae | Mammea americana L. | Mamey apple | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Rheedia macrophylla (Mart.) Planch. et Triana | Bacuripari, charichuela Medium tree | SCo | |
Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | Avocado | Large tree | SCo, Pro | Cent Fla: Day, Duke Gainsville, Mexicola, Teague, Topa Topa, Winter Mexican, Young S. Fla.: Booth 7, Booth Brogdon, Choquette, Hall, Itzamma, Lula, Monroe, Taylor, Tonnage, Pollock, Simmonds |
Leguminosae | Tamarindus indica L. | Tamarind | Medium tree | SCo | sweet & tart types |
Malpighiaceae | Malpighia glabra L. | Barbados cherry, acerola | Shrub | SCo | Florida Sweet |
Meliaceae | Lansium domesticum Correa | Langsat, lanson | Medium tree | SCo | |
Moraceae | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Jackfruit | Large tree | SCo | |
| Artocarpus hypargyrea Hance ex Benth. | Kwai muk | Medium tree | SCo | |
Musaceae | Musa acuminata Colla and M. acuminata and M. balbissiana Colla hybrids | Banana | Perennial herb | SCo | Apple, Dwarf Cavendish, Orinoco, Lady Finger |
| Musa acuminata Colla and M. acuminata and M. balbissiana hybrids | Plantain | Perennial herb | SCo | |
Myrtaceae | Eugenia uniflora L. | Surinam cherry | Shrub | Pro | |
| Feijoa selowiana Berg | Feijoa, pineapple guava | Shrub | All | Choiceana, Coolidge, Superba |
| Myrciaria cauliflora Berg | Jaboticaba | Small tree | Pro | |
| Pimentia dioica L. | Allspice | Small tree | SCo | |
| Psidium cattelianum Sabine | Cattley guava, strawberry guava | Shrub | All | |
| Psidium guajava L. | Guava | Small tree | SCo | |
| Syzygium aqueum Burm. f. | Wax jambu, rose apple | Large tree | SCo | |
Oxalidaceae | Averrhoa carambola L. | Carambola | Medium tree | Pro | Arkin, Fwang Tung, Golden Star, Thai Knight, Thayer, Kary, Hew 1, Maha |
Palmae | Cocas nucifera L. | Coconut | Palm | SCo | Maypan, Golden Malayan, Green Malayan |
Passifloraceae | Passiflora edulis Sims | Passion fruit | Vine | Pro | Possum Purple, purple, red & yellow seedlings |
| P. edulis f. flavacarpa | Deg. |
| Passiflora quadrangularis L. | Giant Granadilla | Vine | SCo | |
Polygonaceae | Cocoloba uvifera (L.) L. | Sea grape | Medium tree | SCo | |
Proteaceae | Macadamia integrifolia Maiden et Betche | Macadamia | Medium tree | Pro | |
| M. tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson | Macadamia | Medium tree | Pro | |
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | Jujube, Chinese | Small tree | All | |
| Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. | Jujube, Indian | Small tree | All | |
Rosaceae | Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Loquat | Medium tree | All | Wolfe, Oliver, Tanaka |
| Rubus lasiocarpus Smith | Mysore raspberry | Shrub | SCo | |
Rutacaee | Casimoira edulis Llave et Lex. | White sapote | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swing. | Key lime, West Indian lime | Small tree | SCo | |
| Citrus deliciosa Tenore | Tangerine | Medium tree | Cit | Willowleaf |
| Citrus hystrix DC | Kaffir lime | Medium tree | Cit | |
| Citrus latifolia Tan. | Tahiti lime, Persian lime | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f | Lemon | Medium tree | Cit | Bearss, Lisbon, Meyer, Ponderosa, Villafranca, etc. |
| Citrus medica L. | Citron | Medium tree | Cit | |
| Citrus mitis Blanco | Calamondin | Medium tree | Cit | |
| Citrus nobilis Lour. | Tangerine | Medium tree | Cit | King |
| Citrus paradisi Mad. | Grapefruit | Medium tree | Cit | Duncan, Marsh, Pink Marsh, Red Blush, Thompson |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | Mandarin | Medium tree | Cit | Dancy, Fremont, Lee, Murcot, Nova, Osceola, Page, Ponkan, Robison |
| Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. | Sweet orange | Medium tree | Cit | Hamlin, Navel, Parson Brown, Pineapple, Queen, Valencia |
| Citrus unshiu Marc. | Satsuma mandarin | Medium tree | HCit | Owari, Silverhill (satsuma) |
| Citrus x limon | Rough lemon | Medium tree | Cit | |
| Citrus reticulata Blanc. x C. paradisi | Tangelo | Medium tree | Cit | Minneola, Orlando, Robinson |
| Citrus reticulata Blanc. x C. sinensis | Tangor | Medium tree | Cit | |
| Citrus lansium (Lour.) Skeels | Wampi | Small tree | Pro | |
| Fortunella sp. | Kumquat | Small tree | Hcit | |
| Fortunella sp. x C. aurantifolia Swing. | Limequat | Small tree | Cit | Eustis, Lakeland |
| Fortunella sp. (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) | Citrangequat | Small tree | HCit | Thomasville |
Rootstocks for Citrus |
| Citrus aurantium L. | Sour orange, Seville orange | Rootstock | Cit | |
| Citrus limonia Osb. | Rangpur lime | Rootstock | Cit | |
| Citrus macrophylla Wester | Macrophylla | Rootstock | SCo | |
| Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. | Trifoliate orange | Rootstock | Cit | |
Sapindaceae | Blighia sapida Koenig | Akee | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Dimocarpus longan Lour. | Longan | Medium tree | Pro | Kohala, seedlings |
| Litchi chinensis Sonn. | Lychee | Large tree | Pro | Brewster, Bengal, Mauritius |
| Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. | Spanish lime | Large tree | SCo | |
Sapotaceae | Calocarpum sapota Merr. | Mamey sapote | Large tree | SCo | |
| Chrysophyllum cainito L. | Caimito, star apple | Medium tree | SCo | |
| Manilkara zapota Van Royen | Sapodilla | Large tree | Pro | Brown Sugar, Modello, Prolific, Russell |
| Pouteria campechiana Baehni | Canistel, egg fruit | Small tree | SCo | |
| Synsepalum dulcificum Daniell | Miracle fruit | Small tree | SCo | |
zAdapted from Jackson, L.K. and F.P. Lawrence. 1988. Dooryard citrus. Fruit
Crops FactSheet FC-13. Fla. Coop. Ext Serv., Gainsville. and Sauls, Julian W.
Larry K. Jackson, and T. E. Crocker. 1983. Dooryard citrus. Fruit Crops Fact
Sheet FC-23 Fla. Coop. Ext Serv., Gainsville.
yHCitcan be grown in north Florida if hardy cultivars are chosen and
attention is given to site selection. Citcan be grown in south and central
Florida (up to Ocala [Marion County]) if discretion is used in selecting a
site. SCocan be grown in all but coldest areas of Broward and Monroe
Counties plus coastal regions of Palm Beach, Martin, Saint Lucie, Indian River,
Brevard, Collier, Lee, Charlotte, Sarasota, Manatee, Hillsborough, and Pinellas
Counties; also south and east sides of Lake Okeechobee. Promay be grown in
protected locations of south and possibly central Florida. Allcan be grown
in all areas of Florida.
xIn cases where cultivars are not specified, named selections may or may not be
available in Florida; seedlings or cuttings are grown. This list is subject to
change with changes in commercial production.
Last update March 12, 1997
by aw